Discover The Art Of Ageless Beauty: Older Woman Makeup Tutorial That Will Make You Shine
Discover the Art of Ageless Beauty: A Comprehensive Guide to Older Woman Makeup Tutorials
An "older woman makeup tutorial" is a video or written guide that provides step-by-step instructions on how to apply makeup specifically tailored for the needs and preferences of women over the age of 50. These tutorials address common concerns such as fine lines, wrinkles, and age spots, aiming to enhance natural features and promote a youthful, radiant appearance. An example is Lisa Eldridge's "Ageless Beauty: Makeup Tutorial for Older Women," which demonstrates how to create a natural, elegant look that celebrates the beauty of aging.
Older woman makeup tutorials have gained popularity due to their relevance to a growing demographic of women seeking makeup tips and techniques suitable for their unique needs. The benefits of these tutorials include enhancing self-confidence, providing guidance on how to adapt makeup routines to changing skin textures and tones, and promoting a positive attitude towards aging. One key historical development in this is the rise of beauty influencers over 50, such as Trinny Woodall and Carmindy, who have played a significant role in normalizing aging and challenging traditional beauty standards.
This article delves into the world of older woman makeup tutorials, exploring the techniques, products, and tips that can help women embrace their natural beauty and feel confident at any age. We will discuss the importance of skincare as a foundation for makeup application, the best makeup products for achieving a natural, age-appropriate look, and common makeup mistakes to avoid. Whether you're a seasoned makeup enthusiast or just starting to explore the world of cosmetics, this guide will provide you with valuable insights and practical advice to help you create a makeup look that enhances your unique beauty.
Older Woman Makeup Tutorial
Older woman makeup tutorials provide valuable guidance and techniques for women over 50 to enhance their natural beauty and address age-related skin concerns. These tutorials cover various essential aspects, including:
- Skincare Preparation:
- Foundation and Coverage:
- Color Correction:
- Eyebrow Enhancement:
- Eye Makeup Techniques:
- Lip Color and Definition:
- Blush and Contouring:
- Highlighter and Illumination:
- Makeup Setting and Longevity:
These key points delve into the specifics of older woman makeup application, from creating a smooth, even base to enhancing facial features and addressing common challenges like fine lines and wrinkles. Skincare preparation, for instance, is crucial for ensuring that makeup goes on smoothly and lasts longer. Color correction techniques help neutralize discoloration and create a more uniform skin tone. Eye makeup techniques focus on enhancing the eyes without overwhelming them, while lip color and definition aim to create a fuller, more youthful pout. Blush and contouring add depth and dimension to the face, while highlighter and illumination bring a touch of radiance. Finally, makeup setting and longevity tips ensure that the finished look stays in place throughout the day.
These essential aspects are interconnected and contribute to a comprehensive makeup routine that celebrates the natural beauty of older women. The article explores each point in detail, providing step-by-step instructions, product recommendations, and expert advice to help readers achieve a flawless, age-appropriate makeup look that boosts their confidence and allows them to embrace their unique beauty.
Skincare Preparation
In the realm of older woman makeup tutorials, skincare preparation takes center stage as a crucial step that sets the stage for a flawless and age-appropriate makeup application. It's not merely a preliminary step but an essential element that directly influences the outcome of the entire makeup process.
Cause and Effect: When skincare is neglected, the consequences manifest in the makeup application. Dry, flaky skin can cause foundation to cling to patches, accentuating fine lines and wrinkles. Conversely, a well-hydrated and properly prepped complexion provides a smooth canvas for makeup, allowing it to glide on evenly and blend seamlessly, minimizing the appearance of imperfections.
Components: Skincare preparation encompasses a range of practices that work in synergy to create an optimal base for makeup. This includes cleansing, toning, moisturizing, and applying targeted serums or treatments to address specific skin concerns, such as fine lines, wrinkles, or hyperpigmentation. Exfoliation is also crucial for removing dead skin cells and promoting cell turnover, revealing a smoother, more radiant complexion.
Examples: Real-life instances abound where meticulous skincare preparation shines through in older woman makeup tutorials. Lisa Eldridge, a renowned makeup artist, emphasizes the importance of using a hydrating primer before applying foundation, as it helps to smooth fine lines and create a more even base. Another example is Bobbi Brown, who recommends using a color-correcting concealer to neutralize dark circles and hyperpigmentation before applying foundation, resulting in a more flawless finish.
Applications: Understanding skincare preparation is not just a theoretical exercise; it has practical implications in the application of older woman makeup tutorials. By following a consistent skincare routine and implementing targeted treatments, women can achieve a healthier, more youthful complexion that serves as the foundation for a flawless makeup look. This can boost confidence, enhance self-esteem, and promote a positive attitude towards aging.
Key Insights and Challenges: In summary, skincare preparation is the cornerstone of a successful older woman makeup tutorial. It directly influences the application and longevity of makeup, allowing women to achieve a natural, age-appropriate look that celebrates their unique beauty. However, maintaining a consistent skincare routine can be challenging, especially with busy lifestyles and the plethora of products available. The key is to find a routine that works for individual skin types and concerns, and to remain patient and persistent in seeing results.
Skincare preparation is not just about looking good; it's about feeling good and embracing the natural aging process with confidence. By prioritizing skincare, women can create a solid foundation for their makeup routine and unlock the secrets to a radiant, youthful glow that shines from within.
Foundation and Coverage
In the world of older woman makeup tutorials, foundation and coverage play pivotal roles in achieving a natural, age-appropriate look that celebrates unique beauty. These elements work together to create a smooth, even base, minimize the appearance of imperfections, and enhance the overall complexion.
Cause and Effect: When foundation and coverage are applied correctly, they can have a transformative effect on the appearance of the skin. A well-chosen foundation can help to even out skin tone, reduce the visibility of fine lines and wrinkles, and provide a smooth canvas for applying other makeup products. Proper coverage techniques can further conceal blemishes, dark circles, and other skin concerns, resulting in a more youthful and radiant complexion.
Components: Foundation and coverage are essential elements of an older woman makeup tutorial. Foundation provides the base layer that helps to unify the skin tone and create a smooth surface. Coverage, on the other hand, refers to the ability of makeup to conceal skin imperfections and create a more even appearance. Different types of foundations and coverage products are available, each with its own unique benefits and properties, allowing women to customize their makeup routine to suit their individual needs and preferences.
Examples: Numerous real-life instances showcase the power of foundation and coverage in older woman makeup tutorials. For example, makeup artist Lisa Eldridge demonstrates how using a hydrating foundation with light to medium coverage can help to create a natural, everyday look that minimizes the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Another example is Bobbi Brown's tutorial on using a color-correcting foundation to neutralize discoloration and create a more even skin tone before applying concealer for additional coverage.
Applications: Understanding foundation and coverage is crucial for achieving a successful older woman makeup look. By choosing the right products and applying them correctly, women can create a flawless base that enhances their natural beauty and allows them to confidently embrace their age.
Key Insights and Challenges: In essence, foundation and coverage are essential elements of an older woman makeup tutorial that work together to create a smooth, even complexion and minimize the appearance of imperfections. While these techniques can be transformative, it's important to note that finding the right products and mastering the application techniques can be challenging. The key is to experiment with different products and techniques until you find a combination that works best for your skin type and concerns.
Ultimately, the goal of foundation and coverage in an older woman makeup tutorial is to enhance natural beauty and promote a sense of confidence. By embracing these techniques, women can create a makeup look that celebrates their unique features and allows them to feel beautiful and empowered at any age.
Color Correction
In the realm of older woman makeup tutorials, color correction plays a pivotal role in neutralizing discoloration, evening out skin tone, and creating a flawless base for makeup application. This technique addresses common skin concerns associated with aging, such as dark circles, hyperpigmentation, and redness, resulting in a more youthful and radiant complexion.
- Neutralizing Dark Circles:
Color correctors with peach or orange hues are used to counteract the blue and purple tones often found under the eyes, effectively concealing dark circles and creating a brighter, more refreshed appearance.
Green-tinted color correctors help to neutralize red and brown discoloration caused by sun damage, age spots, or post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, resulting in a more even skin tone and reducing the appearance of blemishes.
Balancing Redness:Color correctors with green undertones are effective in counteracting redness caused by rosacea, blemishes, or sun exposure, creating a more uniform and calm complexion.
Illuminating and Brightening:Color correctors with light-reflecting particles can be applied to areas such as the cheekbones, brow bone, and cupid's bow to create a subtle glow and highlight the natural contours of the face.
These color correction techniques work together to create a more even and youthful complexion, providing a solid foundation for subsequent makeup application. By neutralizing discoloration and addressing specific skin concerns, color correction helps older women achieve a natural, age-appropriate makeup look that celebrates their unique beauty and allows them to embrace their age with confidence.
Eyebrow Enhancement
In the realm of older woman makeup tutorials, eyebrow enhancement holds a significant place, shaping the eyes and contributing to an overall youthful and polished appearance. Understanding the connection between eyebrow enhancement and older woman makeup tutorials reveals the importance of this technique in achieving a natural and age-appropriate makeup look.
Cause and Effect: Eyebrow enhancement in older woman makeup tutorials directly impacts the overall outcome of the makeup application. Properly shaped and defined eyebrows can create a lifted and more youthful appearance, while neglected or poorly groomed eyebrows can detract from the overall look and make the eyes appear smaller and less expressive. Conversely, well-executed eyebrow enhancement can balance facial features, draw attention to the eyes, and frame the face in a flattering manner.
Components: Eyebrow enhancement within older woman makeup tutorials encompasses several key elements. These include shaping the eyebrows to suit the face shape and features, filling in sparse areas with eyebrow pencils or powders, and defining the brows with a light touch using an angled brush. Additionally, highlighting the brow bone with a shimmery shade can further enhance the eyes and create a more lifted effect.
Examples: Numerous real-life instances showcase the transformative power of eyebrow enhancement in older woman makeup tutorials. For example, makeup artist Lisa Eldridge demonstrates how carefully shaping and filling in the eyebrows can create a natural and youthful look, while Bobbi Brown emphasizes the importance of using a light hand when defining the brows to avoid a harsh or overdone appearance.
Applications: Understanding eyebrow enhancement techniques in older woman makeup tutorials has practical implications for achieving a polished and age-appropriate makeup look. By following step-by-step guides and experimenting with different products and techniques, women can learn to shape, fill, and define their eyebrows to enhance their natural features and create a more youthful and harmonious appearance.
Summary: Eyebrow enhancement is an essential component of older woman makeup tutorials, directly influencing the overall outcome of the makeup application. Through careful shaping, filling, and definition, eyebrows can be transformed to frame the eyes, lift the face, and create a more youthful and polished appearance. Mastering eyebrow enhancement techniques empowers women to embrace their natural beauty and confidently showcase their unique features.
Eye Makeup Techniques
In the realm of older woman makeup tutorials, eye makeup techniques hold immense significance, allowing women to enhance their natural features, address age-related concerns, and create a more youthful and vibrant appearance. These techniques encompass a range of methods and products specifically tailored to the unique needs of older women.
- Color Selection:
Choosing appropriate eyeshadow colors is crucial for older women. Neutral shades like beige, brown, and soft pinks flatter most skin tones and can be blended seamlessly to create a natural look. Shimmery shades can be used sparingly to add a touch of glamour, while matte shades are ideal for everyday wear.
Eyeliner can help to define the eyes and create a more lifted appearance. Opt for a soft, smudgeable pencil or a liquid liner with a fine tip for precise application. Avoid harsh lines and instead focus on creating a soft, natural definition.
Mascara Magic:Mascara is a must-have for older women as it helps to volumize and lengthen lashes, making them appear thicker and more youthful. Choose a mascara that is designed to add volume and definition without clumping or smudging.
Brow Enhancement:Well-groomed eyebrows frame the eyes and can significantly impact the overall appearance of the face. Use an eyebrow pencil or powder to fill in sparse areas and define the shape of the brows. Avoid harsh lines and opt for a soft, natural look.
These eye makeup techniques, when combined effectively, can help older women achieve a natural, age-appropriate look that enhances their unique beauty. By carefully selecting colors, applying eyeliner and mascara with precision, and paying attention to brow enhancement, women can create a more youthful and vibrant appearance that reflects their inner confidence and embraces their natural aging process.
Lip Color and Definition
In the realm of older woman makeup tutorials, lip color and definition play a pivotal role in enhancing the natural beauty of the mouth, creating a more youthful and polished appearance. This aspect of makeup application addresses the unique needs and concerns of older women, helping to redefine the lips and restore their natural fullness.
- Hydration and Care:
Proper lip care is essential before applying color. Using a hydrating lip balm or serum helps to smooth fine lines and prevent lipstick from settling into cracks or emphasizing dryness.
Selecting flattering lip colors is crucial. Sheer or satin finishes can be more forgiving on mature lips, while matte finishes may accentuate fine lines. Neutral shades like pinks, corals, and mauves are universally flattering. Bold colors can also be worn with confidence, but it's important to pair them with a more subdued eye look.
Defining the Lip Line:As we age, the lips may lose some of their definition. Using a lip liner in a shade that closely matches the lipstick can help to reshape and define the lip line, creating a more youthful and polished appearance.
Adding Volume and Dimension:To create the illusion of fuller lips, apply a lighter shade of lipstick or gloss to the center of the lips, blending it outward. Highlighting the cupid's bow with a shimmery shade can also add dimension and make the lips appear more plump.
By paying attention to lip color and definition, older women can achieve a more youthful and vibrant appearance that celebrates their natural beauty. These techniques help to enhance the shape of the lips, minimize the appearance of fine lines, and restore a sense of fullness, resulting in a more confident and radiant smile.
Blush and Contouring
In the realm of older woman makeup tutorials, blush and contouring techniques play a pivotal role in sculpting and enhancing facial features, restoring a youthful radiance to the complexion. These methods work in synergy to create definition, balance, and a more lifted appearance, addressing common concerns associated with aging.
Cause and Effect:Blush and contouring, when applied strategically, can counteract the effects of aging on the face. By adding color to the cheeks and strategically shading certain areas, these techniques can create the illusion of higher cheekbones, a slimmer jawline, and a more youthful overall appearance. Conversely, neglecting blush and contouring can result in a flat, undefined complexion that accentuates wrinkles and sagging skin.
Components:Blush and contouring are essential elements of an older woman makeup tutorial, working together to sculpt and enhance facial features. Blush adds a natural flush of color to the cheeks, creating a healthy and youthful glow. Contouring involves using a darker shade of makeup to define and shadow certain areas of the face, such as the cheekbones, jawline, and nose, creating a more lifted and chiseled appearance.
Examples:Numerous makeup artists and beauty influencers have demonstrated the transformative power of blush and contouring in older woman makeup tutorials. For instance, Lisa Eldridge's tutorial on "The Art of Contouring for Mature Skin" showcases how contouring can be used to create a more lifted and youthful appearance, while Bobbi Brown's "Blush Tips for Older Women" emphasizes the importance of choosing the right shade and placement of blush to enhance the natural beauty of the face.
Applications:Understanding the principles of blush and contouring is crucial for achieving a successful older woman makeup look. By learning how to apply these techniques correctly, women can create a more youthful and defined appearance that minimizes the appearance of wrinkles, fine lines, and sagging skin. This can boost confidence, enhance self-esteem, and promote a positive attitude towards aging.
Summary:Blush and contouring are essential techniques in older woman makeup tutorials, working together to sculpt and enhance facial features, and create a more youthful and radiant appearance. Mastering these techniques requires practice and an understanding of individual facial features and skin tone. However, the benefits are undeniable, as blush and contouring can help older women feel more confident and embrace their natural beauty.
Highlighter and Illumination
In the realm of older woman makeup tutorials, highlighter and illumination techniques play a pivotal role in capturing and reflecting light, creating a youthful glow that diminishes the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, and dullness. Understanding the connection between highlighter and illumination in older woman makeup tutorials reveals their significance in achieving a radiant, age-defying look.
Cause and Effect:Highlighter and illumination, when skillfully applied, can counteract the effects of aging on the skin. By strategically placing a touch of shimmer or luminosity on key areas of the face, these techniques create the illusion of higher cheekbones, a lifted brow bone, and a smoother complexion. Conversely, neglecting highlighter and illumination can result in a flat, lackluster appearance that accentuates wrinkles and shadows.
Components:Highlighter and illumination are essential elements of an older woman makeup tutorial, working in synergy to enhance natural features and create a more youthful appearance. Highlighter typically comes in powder, cream, or liquid form and is applied to specific areas of the face, such as the cheekbones, brow bone, and Cupid's bow. Illumination, on the other hand, involves using a product with light-reflecting particles to create a subtle glow all over the face, often achieved with a luminizing primer or a liquid illuminator mixed with foundation.
Examples:Numerous makeup artists and beauty influencers have demonstrated the transformative power of highlighter and illumination in older woman makeup tutorials. For instance, Wayne Goss's tutorial on "Highlighter for Mature Skin" showcases how strategic placement of highlighter can lift and sculpt the face, while Charlotte Tilbury's "Illuminating Makeup Tips for Older Women" emphasizes the importance of using a light hand and choosing products that complement the skin's natural tone.
Applications:Understanding highlighter and illumination techniques is crucial for achieving a successful older woman makeup look. By learning how to apply these techniques correctly, women can create a more radiant and youthful appearance that minimizes the appearance of imperfections. This can boost confidence, enhance self-esteem, and promote a positive attitude towards aging.
Summary:Highlighter and illumination are essential techniques in older woman makeup tutorials, working together to create a more youthful and radiant appearance. Mastering these techniques requires practice and an understanding of individual facial features and skin tone. However, the benefits are undeniable, as highlighter and illumination can help older women feel more confident and embrace their natural beauty. While these techniques can be transformative, it's important to note that they should be used sparingly to avoid an overly shimmery or glittery effect. Additionally, choosing products that are appropriate for mature skin is crucial to prevent accentuating wrinkles or dryness.
Makeup Setting and Longevity
In the realm of older woman makeup tutorials, achieving long-lasting and flawless makeup is paramount. Makeup setting and longevity techniques play a crucial role in ensuring that the carefully applied makeup stays in place throughout the day, minimizing the need for touch-ups and maintaining a polished appearance. Understanding these techniques and incorporating them into the makeup routine can greatly enhance the overall success of the older woman makeup tutorial.
- Primer:
A primer acts as a base layer for makeup, creating a smooth and even surface for better adhesion. It helps to minimize the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, control oil production, and prolong the wear of makeup.
Setting spray is a fine mist that is applied over makeup to help it stay in place. It works by creating a protective barrier that seals the makeup and prevents it from smudging, fading, or transferring. Setting sprays can also help to control shine and provide a matte or dewy finish, depending on the formula.
Powder:Powder can be used to set makeup and absorb excess oil, helping to prevent shine and keep makeup looking fresh. Translucent powder is a popular choice for older women, as it doesn't add additional coverage or alter the color of the makeup underneath.
Blotting Papers:Blotting papers are small, absorbent sheets that can be used to remove excess oil from the face throughout the day without disturbing makeup. This can help to prevent smudging and keep the makeup looking matte and fresh.
These makeup setting and longevity techniques, when used in combination, can help older women maintain a flawless makeup look that lasts all day. By preparing the skin with a primer, applying makeup with precision, and finishing with a setting spray and powder, women can feel confident that their makeup will stay in place and look its best, even in challenging conditions.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
This section addresses common questions and concerns related to older woman makeup tutorials, providing concise and informative answers to help readers better understand and apply these makeup techniques.
Question 1: What are the key differences between older woman makeup tutorials and regular makeup tutorials?Answer: Older woman makeup tutorials focus on techniques and products specifically tailored to address the unique needs of older women, such as addressing fine lines, wrinkles, and age spots, while enhancing natural features and promoting a youthful, radiant appearance.
Question 2: What skincare preparations are essential before applying makeup as an older woman?Answer: Proper skincare is crucial for a flawless makeup application. This includes cleansing, moisturizing, and using targeted serums or treatments to address specific skin concerns, such as dryness, hyperpigmentation, or fine lines. Exfoliation is also recommended to remove dead skin cells and promote cell turnover.
Question 3: How can I choose the right foundation and coverage for my mature skin?Answer: Opt for a foundation that provides light to medium coverage and has a hydrating formula to avoid accentuating fine lines and wrinkles. Consider using a color-correcting concealer to neutralize discoloration and create a more even skin tone before applying foundation.
Question 4: What are some effective color correction techniques for older women?Answer: Color correction can help neutralize discoloration and create a more even skin tone. Peach or orange correctors are used to counteract dark circles, green correctors neutralize redness, and yellow correctors address purple or blue undertones. Apply color correctors before foundation for best results.
Question 5: How can I enhance my eyebrows using makeup techniques suitable for older women?Answer: Start by shaping your eyebrows to suit your face shape and features. Fill in sparse areas using an eyebrow pencil or powder in a shade that matches your natural brow color. Use a light hand to avoid harsh lines and create a soft, natural definition.
Question 6: What are some tips for applying eye makeup that flatters older women?Answer: Choose eyeshadow colors that complement your skin tone and eye color. Use neutral shades for everyday wear and add a touch of shimmer for special occasions. Apply eyeliner close to the lash line to create a subtle definition. Opt for volumizing mascara to enhance your lashes and make them appear thicker.
These FAQs provide valuable insights into the nuances of older woman makeup tutorials, helping readers understand the unique considerations and techniques involved in achieving a natural, age-appropriate look that celebrates their beauty.
In the next section, we will delve deeper into the art of lip color and definition for older women, exploring techniques for creating a fuller, more youthful pout, and discussing common mistakes to avoid.
Tips for Older Women Makeup Tutorials
This section provides valuable tips and actionable advice to help older women achieve a natural, age-appropriate makeup look that enhances their unique beauty. These tips address common concerns and offer practical techniques for creating a flawless, youthful appearance.
Tip 1: Skincare Preparation:Begin with a thorough skincare routine that includes cleansing, moisturizing, and addressing specific skin concerns. Exfoliation helps remove dead skin cells and promote a smoother complexion.
Tip 2: Choose the Right Foundation:Opt for a hydrating foundation with light to medium coverage. Avoid heavy foundations that can settle into fine lines and wrinkles. Color-correcting concealers can help neutralize discoloration.
Tip 3: Master Color Correction Techniques:Use color-correcting concealers to neutralize dark circles, redness, and hyperpigmentation. Apply color correctors before foundation for best results.
Tip 4: Enhance Eyebrows Naturally:Shape your eyebrows to suit your face shape. Fill in sparse areas with an eyebrow pencil or powder in a shade that matches your natural brow color. Avoid harsh lines for a soft, natural look.
Tip 5: Apply Eye Makeup Strategically:Choose eyeshadow colors that complement your skin tone and eye color. Use neutral shades for everyday wear and add shimmer for special occasions. Apply eyeliner close to the lash line and opt for volumizing mascara to enhance your lashes.
Tip 6: Create a Fuller, Defined Pout:Exfoliate your lips regularly to remove dead skin cells. Use a lip balm or primer to hydrate your lips before applying lipstick. Choose flattering lip colors and define your lip line with a lip liner that matches your lipstick.
Tip 7: Use Highlighter and Blush Wisely:Apply highlighter to the high points of your face to create a lifted and youthful appearance. Use blush to add a touch of color to your cheeks and enhance your natural glow.
Tip 8: Set Your Makeup for Longevity:Use a setting spray to help your makeup stay in place all day. Blotting papers can help absorb excess oil without disturbing your makeup.
By following these tips and incorporating them into your makeup routine, you can create a flawless, age-appropriate look that celebrates your natural beauty and enhances your confidence.
In the final section of this article, we will explore additional strategies for embracing your natural aging process and maintaining a positive self-image, regardless of age.
Conclusion
The exploration of "older woman makeup tutorial" in this article unveils a wealth of insights into the art of enhancing natural beauty while embracing the aging process. Key ideas that emerge include the significance of skincare preparation as a foundation for flawless makeup application and the strategic use of color correction techniques to neutralize discoloration and create a more even skin tone. Additionally, the emphasis on natural eyebrow enhancement, flattering eye makeup, and the creation of a fuller, defined pout offers practical tips for achieving an age-appropriate look that celebrates unique features.
These key points are interconnected in their focus on enhancing natural beauty rather than concealing signs of aging. By embracing skincare routines and makeup techniques that prioritize highlighting one's best features, older women can radiate confidence and self-assurance. This article serves as a reminder that aging is a natural process to be embraced, and that makeup should be a tool to enhance one's unique beauty, not a mask to hide behind.
The journey of self-acceptance and appreciation is a continuous one, and makeup should be viewed as a tool that empowers and uplifts, rather than a means to hide or alter one's appearance. As we navigate the ever-changing landscape of beauty standards, let us redefine what it means to age gracefully, celebrating the wisdom, experience, and beauty that comes with each passing year.